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What is bone cancer?
What is bone cancer?
Primary bone cancer begins when a cancerous tumour forms in a bone and can start in any bone of the body.1
Cancer can also spread to the bones from other parts of the body. This is known as secondary or metastatic bone cancer.2 It should be noted that primary and secondary (metastatic) bone cancers are different.2
- Primary bone cancer is regarded as a rare cancer, with approximately 80 Australians diagnosed in 2021.3 Some types of primary bone cancer are more common in children than adults.1
- A secondary bone cancer is usually named after the primary site where it started.4 If you have a secondary bone cancer, you may therefore hear the cancer being referred to as, for example, breast cancer with bone secondaries (where breast cancer was the primary cancer).
Doctors often refer to primary bone cancers as bone sarcoma. There are more than 30 different types of primary bone cancers, and the three regarded as being the most common are:2
- Osteosarcoma– usually starts in cells that grow bone tissue
- Chondrosarcoma– usually starts in cells that grow cartilage
- Ewing sarcoma – usually affects cells in the bone or soft tissue that can multiply rapidly
A common symptom of bone cancer is pain or tenderness in the bones or joints, which may worsen at night or during movement.2 Other symptoms may include but are not limited to:2
- Swelling over the affected area
- Bone stiffness or tenderness
- Unintended weight loss
- Fatigue
- A fracture
- Issues with movement
If you have any of these symptoms, it doesn't necessarily mean that you have bone cancer. It is recommended to speak with your GP or specialist about any concerns or questions that you may have.
There is no clear cause of bone cancer. However, some factors appear to increase the risk. These may include:1,2
- Inherited genetic conditions, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or hereditary retinoblastoma
- Paget's disease or other bone conditions
- Radiation therapy for cancer, particularly during childhood
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Diagnosis
Diagnosing bone cancer
If you meet with your GP and they are concerned about any of your symptoms or risk factors, they may refer you to a specialist for a consultation and potentially testing. Tests to diagnose bone cancer may include:1,2
- Physical examination
- Blood tests – a full blood count can't diagnose cancer on its own, however it may be the first step to helping doctors understand more about what is going on in your body
- Biopsy – this involves the removal of a small sample of cells and tissue from the affected area for examination in a laboratory to determine if cancer is present and, if so, what type of cancer it is, how advanced, the size and whether it is growing
- Imaging tests – these may include X-rays, a computed tomography (CT) scan, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or a positron emission tomography (PET) scan, each with the aim being to check for bone abnormalities or bone damage

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Treatment options
Treatment options for bone cancer
The recommended treatment options for bone cancer will depend on a range of factors including the type of cancer, how advanced it is, location, and your own individual circumstances and preferences.1 Treatments may include one or a combination of:1,2
Chemotherapy is an approach to cancer therapy that involves the administration of medicine, usually orally or by injection, which is intended to kill cancer cells or minimise their growth and spread. Chemotherapy can be used in conjunction with other cancer treatments.
Radiation therapy uses high-energy X-rays or other particles to treat cancer and can be used at all stages.
Surgery for bone cancer is often combined with other treatments. The surgeon will discuss options directly with patients, and where possible, the bone cancer will be removed, with the aim being to spare the limb.

All cancer treatments may have side effects.5,6 The type and severity of side effects will vary between individuals.5,6 You can ask your doctor for detailed information about the side effects which you may experience with any treatment recommended for you.
- Rest when needed – it is important to acknowledge when you are fatigued and rest when you need to 5,6
- Aim to maintain a healthy diet,5 and we also encourage you to think about eating foods that interest you rather than what you think you should eat
- Appetite changes are common, and you may experience taste changes or nausea. Help manage this by eating small, frequent snacks and avoiding smells that make you nauseous 5
- Drink adequate water 5
- Reach out to support groups and others who have had cancer treatment 6
- Record your side effects in a diary or journal 7
- Speak to your doctor about incorporating some gentle exercise into your weekly routine 5,6
- Ask for and accept help from family, friends and neighbours 6
- Be open with employers about your treatment and discuss flexible working options if you need them
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Support services
Support services
- Pullan JE, Lotfollahzadeh S. National Library of Medicine. StatPearls Publishing LLC [Internet]. Primary Bone Cancer. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. Last updated: Dec 2022 [Cited Feb 2024]. Access from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560830/
- Cancer Council Australia [website]. Bone cancer. Last updated: Sept 2023 [Cited Feb 2024]. Access from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/bone-cancer
- Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [website]. Cancer in Australia; 2021. [Cited Feb 2024]. Access from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-in-australia-2021/summary
- Cancer Council. Understanding secondary bone cancer: information for people affected by cancer. Access from: https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/understanding-secondary-bone-cancer-factsheet
- Cancer Council Australia [website]. Nutrition for People Living with Cancer. Last updated July 2022 [Cited Feb 2024]. Access from: https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/nutrition-and-cancer-booklet
- Cancer Council Australia [website]. Exercise for people living with cancer. Last updated March 2019 [Cited Feb 2024]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
- Cancer Council Australia [website]. Understanding Chemotherapy. Last updated August 2022 [Cited Feb 2024]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
- Cancer Council Australia [website]. Emotions and cancer. Updated Nov 2022 [Cited Feb 2024]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au/assets/pdf/emotions-and-cancer-booklet
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Disclaimer:
This website is provided for information purposes only. Nothing on this website is intended to be used as medical advice, or to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. It should not be used as a substitute for your own health professional's advice. Any medical procedure or treatment carries risks. Before proceeding with treatment, you should discuss the risks and benefits of the treatment with an appropriately qualified health practitioner. Individual treatment outcomes and experiences will vary.