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- Breast cancer
What is breast cancer?
What is breast cancer?
Breast cancer is the abnormal growth of the cells lining the breast lobules or ducts. These cells can grow uncontrollably and have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.1
In Australia, breast cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in women and, although rare, can also affect men. 2
In 2024, approximately 21,194 people will be diagnosed with breast cancer – 20,973 women and 221 men.*2 The risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer over a lifetime is 1 in 7 for women and 1 in 556 for men.*2
Early detection of breast cancer means that more treatment options may be available, and early diagnosis and treatment can help improve survival outcomes.1,3
*Data from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, December 2024
Breast cancer can be non-invasive or invasive.
Non-invasive breast conditions
Non-invasive breast cancer describes the presence of abnormal cells that have not invaded the surrounding normal breast tissue. Types of non-invasive breast cancer include:1,3
- Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
- Abnormal cells are found within the milk ducts of the breast
- Treatment options include surgery and radiation therapy – your doctor may perform tests to determine which treatments are appropriate for your DCIS
- Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
Invasive breast cancer
Invasive breast cancer means that the cancer cells have spread outside the ducts or lobules of the breast to nearby breast tissue. Types of invasive breast cancer include:1,3
- Early breast cancer
- Refers to cancer that is contained within the breast and may have spread to nearby lymph nodes in the breast or armpit, but not anywhere else in the body
- The two main types are invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
- Locally advanced breast cancer
- Describes breast cancer that has spread to other nearby areas, such as the chest wall (including the skin and muscles of the chest) and lymph nodes
- Secondary (metastatic or advanced) breast cancer
- Describes breast cancer that has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, liver, or lungs
- Stages (0 to 4) – this system assesses tumour size, whether the cancer has spread into the lymph nodes, and whether it has spread into other parts of the body (metastasised)1,3
- Grade (low, intermediate, or high) – this describes the activity and growth of the cancer cells3
- Hormone receptor (HR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status – whether the cancer cells have extra HR or HER2 or not3
The body naturally produces the hormones oestrogen and progesterone. Normal breast cells have oestrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR). Breast cancer is categorised as ER+ or PR+ when there are too many of the respective receptors. Similarly, tumours that have high levels of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) proteins on their surface are categorised as HER2+. Triple negative breast cancers are both hormone receptor negative (ER- and PR-) as well as HER2 negative (HER2-).3
While the exact cause of breast cancer is unclear, a number of factors can increase your risk of developing breast cancer. Some risk factors that cannot be changed include:3
- Increasing age
- Family history of breast cancer
- Genetic mutations
- Exposure to female hormones
- Starting your period early (before the age of 12)
- A previous diagnosis of breast cancer
- History of certain non-cancerous breast conditions
- Dense breast tissue (as seen on a mammogram)
In addition, lifestyle factors such as being overweight, not enough physical activity, and drinking alcohol can increase the risk of breast cancer.3
Approximately 5–10% of breast cancer cases are due to an inherited genetic mutation. In addition, a strong family history (e.g., several close relatives on the same side of the family) of breast or ovarian cancer may increase your risk of breast cancer.3
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Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Women of all ages should be familiar with the normal look and feel of their breasts – knowing what is normal for you can help you see or feel any changes. If you do happen to notice any changes, we recommend that you see your doctor.1
Below is a guide on how to do a breast self-examination
Breast changes may indicate early signs of breast cancer, and these can vary from person to person. For many people, there may be no obvious signs or symptoms. Breast changes that can be associated with breast cancer include:1,3
- A lump or mass in the breast, especially if in just one breast
- Change in size or shape of the breast
- Swelling or pain in the breast
- Nipple changes (e.g., inversion) or discharge
- Skin changes (e.g., dimpling, redness, scaliness, itchiness)
- A lump, swelling, or pain in the underarm
Other, benign conditions can also cause breast changes, but it’s important to be assessed by a doctor if you notice any of these symptoms.
If you think you may be experiencing breast cancer symptoms or have any questions about breast cancer or your risk for developing it, we recommend speaking to your doctor.
Mammograms can be used to detect breast cancer early for women who have no symptoms of breast cancer and can find changes that are too small to be felt during a physical examination.4 If you have symptoms such as a lump but your mammogram is normal, or if you are worried for any other reason, we recommend that you speak with your doctor.
If breast changes are detected on mammography, other tests that may be used to diagnose breast cancer include:3
- Ultrasound – creates images of breast tissue using sound waves
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan – creates computerised images of breast tissue using a large magnet and radio waves
- Biopsy – removes a small sample of breast tissue or cells from the lump or area of concern, which is examined under a microscope for the presence of cancer cells
If these tests detect breast cancer, you may undergo further testing to see if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body. These tests may include blood tests, computerised tomography (CT) scans, bone scans, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans.3
Although there is no proven method for preventing breast cancer, reducing alcohol consumption and maintaining a healthy weight may help to reduce the risk of breast cancer.3
National screening programs
Cancer screening programs aim to pick up cancers in healthy individuals who do not have symptoms. Screening mammography, which is a low dose X-ray taken of the breast, is used for the early detection of breast cancer. The government’s national screening program, BreastScreen Australia, targets women aged 50 to 74 years because 75% percent of all breast cancers occur in women over the age of 50 years.1,4
- Women aged 50 to 74 years are encouraged to have a free mammogram every two years
- Women aged 40 to 49 years with no symptoms are also eligible to receive free screening mammograms if desired
- Women aged 75 years and over with no symptoms are also eligible for free screening mammograms but should first discuss options with their GP
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Treatment options
Breast cancer treatment options
The treatment plan that your clinician recommends will depend on your breast cancer diagnosis, whether the cancer has spread, your age and general health, as well as your personal preferences.3
Treatment options that are used for breast cancer include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapy. You may have more than one type of treatment, which may be given in different orders or combinations depending on your situation.3
Radiation therapy uses radiation (usually x-ray beams) to destroy cancer cells in the affected area. There are different modern techniques that allow clinicians to deliver a precisely targeted dose just to the areas of breast tissue and lymph nodes that require treatment.3
Some of the modern techniques used for breast cancer radiation therapy include:
- Deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) – uses deep breaths to help target the treatment area and protect the heart and lung during delivery of radiation therapy5
- Hypofractionation – helps to reduce overall treatment time for the patient by delivering a slightly higher radiation therapy dose during each session6
- Tattoo-free treatment – uses surface-guided radiation therapy (SGRT) to precisely position the patient so that treatment can be accurately targeted at each session without the need for tattoos or other permanent markers on the skin and allowing for shorter daily treatment set-up times7
- Image-guided radiation therapy (IGRT) – uses repeated imaging to track and target the treatment site with precision, even as it changes size and shape, allowing dose or position to be adjusted during treatment to protect unaffected tissue8
- Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) – uses a moving machine to shape the arc of radiation to the target area8
Chemotherapy uses medication to kill cancer cells or reduce their growth and spread. The type of chemotherapy drugs recommended will depend on your breast cancer diagnosis and other factors.3
Hormone therapy may be used for certain types of breast cancer to help reduce the risk of the condition from getting worse or coming back. The type of hormone therapy recommended is based on age and diagnosis.3
Your immune system is designed to protect your body from threats such as infections, toxins and abnormal cell development (cancer).9,10 While your immune system can help to prevent or slow cancer growth, cancer cells have ways to avoid detection and destruction by immune cells.9
Immunotherapy medicines boost or improve how your own body’s immune system works to fight cancer.9 Immunotherapy medicines work in different ways and include:
- Checkpoint inhibitors: These medicines take the ‘brakes’ off the immune system, which helps it to then recognise and attack cancer cells.9,10
- Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy: T-cells from a patient’s blood are mixed with a special virus that makes the T-cells learn how to attach to tumour cells. These cells are then given back to the patient so they can find, attach to, and kill the cancer.9,10
- Cytokines: Cytokines are small proteins that carry messages between cells. They are used to stimulate the immune cells to attack cancer.11
- Immunomodulators: Boost parts of the immune system to help treat certain types of cancer.9
- Cancer vaccines: Vaccines are being researched and developed with the aim of preventing or treating cancer through an immune response.9
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Support services
Support services
Reviewed by Natasha Keir, Nurse Practitioner, Breast Oncology, Qld. June 2025
- Australian Government Cancer Australia. Breast cancer. Updated January 2023. Available: https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au/cancer-types/breast-cancer/overview [accessed May 2023].
- Australian Government Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Cancer data in Australia. Web report. Updated December 2024. Available: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/cancer/cancer-data-in-australia/contents/cancer-incidence-by-age-visualisation [accessed June 2025].
- Cancer Council. Understanding Breast Cancer. July 2022. Available: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/breast-cancer [accessed May 2023].
- Cancer Council. Early detection of breast cancer. Available: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/causes-and-prevention/early-detection-and-screening/early-detection-of-breast-cancer [accessed May 2023].
- Stowe HB, Andruska ND, Reynoso F, Thomas M, Bergom C. Heart Sparing Radiotherapy Techniques in Breast Cancer: A Focus on Deep Inspiration Breath Hold. Breast Cancer (Dove Med Press). 2022;14:175-186.
- NIH National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms. Hypofractionated radiation therapy. Available: https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms [accessed May 2023].
- Freislederer P, Kügele M, Öllers M, et al. Recent advances in Surface Guided Radiation Therapy. Radiat Oncol. 2020;15(1):187.
- Cancer Council. Understanding Radiation Therapy. December 2021. Available: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/treatment/radiation-therapy [accessed May 2023].
- National Cancer Institute, ‘Immunotherapy to treat cancer’. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/immunotherapy (accessed September 2023).
- Cancer Council, ‘Immunotherapy’. Available from: https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/treatment/immunotherapy (accessed September 2023).
- American Cancer Society, ‘Immunotherapy’. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/6678.00.pdf (accessed September 2023).
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Disclaimer:
This website is provided for information purposes only. Nothing on this website is intended to be used as medical advice, or to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. It should not be used as a substitute for your own health professional's advice. Any medical procedure or treatment carries risks. Before proceeding with treatment, you should discuss the risks and benefits of the treatment with an appropriately qualified health practitioner. Individual treatment outcomes and experiences will vary.