Breast cancer treatment at GenesisCare

There are several early warning signs of breast cancer, and these can vary from person to person.

It is important to remember that other, benign conditions may cause changes to the breasts, and very often these relate to a simple infection or harmless cyst.

The most common symptom is a lump or mass in the breast.

Seeing a doctor for an evaluation will help you determine whether something you notice is cause for concern.

• Swelling in all or part of the breast
• Irritation or dimpling on the skin
• Pain in the breast or nipple
• Nipple turning inwards (retraction)
• Redness or scaliness
• A lump of mass in the breast
• Nipple discharge
• A lump or swelling in the underarm lymph nodes

Different types of breast cancer

Non-invasive breast cancer

Non-invasive breast cancer is when the abnormal cells haven’t spread from their original location.

Types of non-invasive breast cancer include:

• Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) – where cancer cells are found within the milk ducts of the breast. This is usually treated with surgery and breast radiation therapy
• Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) – where abnormal cells are found within breast lobules, but it’s not cancer. Although LCIS increases the risk of developing cancer, most women with this condition won’t go on to develop breast cancer. This is usually treated with surgery alone

Invasive breast cancer

Invasive breast cancer means the cancer cells have spread outside the ducts or lobules of the breast to nearby breast tissue.

Types of invasive breast cancer:

• Early breast cancer is the term that refers to cancer that is contained within the breast and may have spread to surrounding lymph nodes in the breast or armpit but not anywhere else in the body. The most common types are invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC)
• Locally advanced breast cancer is where the cancer has spread to other areas nearby, such as the chest wall (including the skin and muscles of the chest) and lymph nodes
• Secondary (metastatic or advanced) breast cancer is where cancer has spread to other parts of the body, such as the bones, liver or lungs

What to do if you find a lump

Don’t worry if you feel a lump in your breast. Most women have some lumps or lumpy areas in their breasts all the time, and most breast lumps turn out to be benign (not cancer). There are a number of possible causes of non-cancerous breast lumps, including normal hormonal changes, a benign breast condition, or an injury.

When detected and treated early, breast cancer has a high survival rate.

How is breast cancer diagnosed?

When breast cancer is detected early, women have a much greater chance of being treated successfully and for most women the cancer will not come back after treatment.

Tests to diagnose breast cancer may include:

Mammogram

In most cases, breast cancer is diagnosed using a mammogram, a type of X-ray. This is the best method to detect breast cancer early for women over the age of 50.

A mammogram can find changes that are too small to be felt during physical examination.

National screening programs

The aim of screening programs is to pick up early cancers in healthy individuals, who do not have symptoms. Mammography is the screening tool used for the early detection of breast cancer. The government’s national screening program, BreastScreen Australia, targets women aged 50 to 74 years as 75 per cent of all breast cancers occur in women over the age of 50.

• Women aged 50-74 are invited to undergo free mammograms every two years
• Women aged 40-49 and 75 and over are also eligible to receive free mammograms but do not receive an invitation to attend
• Women aged over 74 can also be screened free of charge but it is recommended that you discuss options with your GP

Ultrasound/MRI scan

If a mammogram detects any breast changes you may have an ultrasound scan and sometimes may have an MRI scan.

Biopsy

In some cases, you may need a biopsy, where a sample of tissue is taken for examination under a microscope.

Other scans

If cancer is detected in your breast, you may have other scans to see if the cancer has spread to other parts of your body, such as a CT scan, bone scan or PET scan.

At GenesisCare we are leading the way in how radiation therapy is used to treat breast cancer.

We provide:

• Rapid access to treatment
• A personalised breast care plan with a dedicated radiation oncologist
• Access to advanced treatments and technology such as deep inspiration breath hold (DIBH) a technique to reduce radiation to the heart.
• Hypofractionation: a treatment course with reduced overall duration
• Tattoo-free radiation therapy, removing the need for permanent skin markers
• Access to additional health services including a cardio-oncology service

Breast cancer treatment options

The type of treatment your radiation oncologist recommends will depend on your diagnosis, if the cancer has spread, your general health and personal preferences.

In most cases, treatment for breast cancer begins with surgery to remove the tumour.  This can be followed by radiation therapy, chemotherapy or endocrine therapy. All treatment is individually planned. Sometimes chemotherapy, endocrine therapy or radiation therapy is given before surgery. Your doctor will advise which treatment schedule is best for you.

Using the latest technology for breast cancer radiation therapy

With no waiting lists, you will have fast access to the latest breast cancer treatments that precisely target the breast and lymph node areas while minimising side-effects and preserving healthy tissue.

Radiation therapy treatment is delivered using external beam radiation therapy. This uses high-energy radiation beams delivered by a linear accelerator (or LINAC) machine to destroy cancer cells.

There are a number of advanced techniques that allow for the delivery of radiation therapy combining treatments to provide a precise dose to the targeted area.

Deep Inspiration Breath Hold (DIBH)
DIBH is available at all our centres. It’s a simple technique used in breast cancer treatment to help target your radiation therapy while minimising any damage to your lungs and heart. It’s used in all left-sided breast cancers and sometimes in right-sided cancers too. For more information click here.

Hypofractionation

This is a method of reducing overall treatment duration by giving a slightly higher radiation therapy dose each day. This method of treatment allows us to reduce the treatment duration and essentially can save the patient weeks of treatment. Not all patients may be suitable for hypofractionation.

Daily Image-guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)

Your radiation therapy treatment schedule at GenesisCare involves daily, rather than weekly, image-guided therapy. This means we can track and target your tumour site with precision, even as it changes size and shape. It also means your treatment is as safe and as effective as it can be.

Surface Guided Radiotherapy (SGRT) – Tattoo Free Radiation Therapy 

Available at some centres, this uses sophisticated 3-D camera technology to precisely position you on the treatment bed so that treatment can be even more accurately targeted. There’s no need for permanent tattoos, and the faster daily treatment set-up means you spend less time at the centre. For more information click here.

At the treatment centres that do not have SGRT technology we can treat patients for breast cancer without the need for permanent markers or tattoos.

At GenesisCare we recognise that tattoos may not be an issue to some people, while others can find them to be quite confronting. Advances in technology and treatment protocols in recent years means that radiation therapy can be very accurately localised without the need for permanent skin marks.

Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT)

We can offer VMAT radiation therapy to all patients with locally advanced breast cancer who need lymph node radiation therapy.

Preparing for your radiation therapy treatment

Before you begin your treatment, you may already have had surgery involving either a lumpectomy or mastectomy. You may also have had chemotherapy or endocrine therapy.

What to expect at your initial consultation?

Before treatment starts, your Radiation Oncologist will review your health record, talk about your general health and diagnosis, explain the treatment process, options, as well as potential side-effects. At the completion of your consultation, arrangements will be made for a CT Simulation appointment.  If you have any life events or family priorities coming up, please tell us so that we can build your care plan around them.

It’s normal to find it difficult to remember all the information you are given. It’s a good idea to bring someone with you to appointments or keep a journal to help you remember what the doctor says.

Positioning and CT Simulation scan appointment

The CT Simulation appointment involves the radiation therapists gathering the information required by the doctor to be able to prescribe treatment. This appointment can take up to an hour. Your radiation therapist will help to position you for a CT scan. The positioning varies depending on the exact area of the breast you are having treated. You may be required to have your arms up above your head, on your chest or by your side. It is important that you are comfortable in your scanning position as this is the position you will lie in during your planning and treatment sessions.

As part of the simulation procedure, marks may be drawn directly onto your skin to outline the treatment area. These marks are made with a special skin marker and will come off quite easily. Some of you may have a few very small permanent tattoo dots placed on your skin; these will enable the radiation therapists to replicate your daily treatments.

Using images obtained from your CT scan, together with any additional scans, we will create a personalised treatment plan to treat your cancer.

Radiation therapy treatment planning

You’ll be involved in making decisions at every step of your treatment journey, including the planning stage. The planning team will include your oncologist, a radiation therapist and a nurse.

What to expect

Your first radiation therapy appointment

You will be asked to change into a gown before receiving treatment. You will be positioned on the treatment bed in the same position as your CT scan, but this time you will receive radiation therapy. The treatment machine (the linear accelerator) delivers your radiation treatment from several different angles. The radiation therapists use your skin markings and individual radiation plan to set you up daily and deliver the treatment your doctor has prescribed. The treatment machine makes a buzzing noise, but you do not feel anything. The treatment itself is painless, just like having an X-ray taken. Radiation therapy is usually delivered in small daily doses called ‘fractions’ over 3-6 weeks. These sessions typically take between 10-20 minutes.

During this time the therapist will leave the room however, they will be monitoring you from another room on a television screen.  You can always communicate with the radiation therapists, if at any time during your treatment you feel uncomfortable you can tell your therapist through an intercom and they can pause the treatment if necessary.

Please take the time to watch the ‘What is radiation therapy’ video on our website to help you know what to expect. View video here.

Remaining treatments

The rest of your radiation therapy appointments will be like your first treatment. The number of treatments depends on your individual treatment plan; however, most breast cancer treatments take 3-4 weeks, attending 5 days per week to complete. You can be assured that no radiation remains in your body after each treatment. You will get used to the process and get to know our friendly team. Always let the team know if you have any concerns or problems.

After your treatment you will be able to go about your daily activities as usual.  The nursing team will provide you with any self-care tips to take home with you.

What happens after my treatment has finished?

At the end of your radiation therapy treatment you will be given a follow up appointment to see the radiation oncologist. This is often 1 – 3 months later depending on what other specialist appointments you may have.  Your nurse will also follow up at discharge and advise you on how best to manage any side affects you may experience.

Other breast cancer information, resources and support services are also available to help you during your breast cancer experience and include:

GenesisCare Breast Cancer Support Line
For more information click here

Breast Cancer Network Australia (BCNA)
Tel 1800 500 258
bcna.org.au

Cancer Council
Tel 13 11 20

McGrath Foundation (support from a breast care nurse)
Tel 1800 183 338
mcgrathfoundation.com.au

Counterpart
Tel 1800 183 338
counterpart.org.au

¹ Data sourced from AIHW 2018 Cancer Data in Australia, ACIM books, and Cancer in Australia 2019 report     https://ncci.canceraustralia.gov.au/diagnosis/cancer-incidence/cancer-incidence)