Vulvar cancer

Vulvar cancer, also known as vulval cancer or cancer of the vulva, occurs when abnormal cells in the vulva grow in an uncontrolled way. The vulva is the external part of a woman’s genitals and includes the labia minora (inner lips of the vulva), labia majora (outer lips of the vulva), clitoris, mons pubis (area covered with pubic hair), and perineum (skin between the vagina and the anus). Vulvar cancer may develop in any of these tissues.^1,2 Vulvar cancer is rare.¹

Different tests may be performed to assess symptoms and diagnose vulvar cancer, including identifying the type and disease stage.² As well as a physical examination, other tests may include:^1,2

• Colposcopy – this test uses a small, low-powered microscope called a colposcope to examine the vulva and vagina, allowing the doctor or nurse to see the area in more detail
  
• Biopsy – a sample of tissue may be taken from any abnormal areas and sent to a pathologist to be examined under a microscope for signs of cancer
• Cervical Screening Test – this test looks for any signs of certain types of HPV, and may be recommended if screening has not been done recently
• Imaging scans – X-ray, computerised tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be considered to detect or assess vulvar cancer

Treatment recommended for vulvar cancer depends on different factors including the type, stage, and severity of cancer, as well as the patient’s general health, age, and personal preferences.^1,2 Treatment options may include:^1,2

• Surgery – this treatment aims to remove the cancer and is the most common form of treatment offered for vulvar cancer; surgery may be used alone, or in combination with radiation therapy or chemotherapy; the type of surgery recommended usually depends on the stage of vulvar cancer
  
• Chemotherapy – this treatment uses medications, usually given by injection or tablet, to help kill cancer cells or slow their growth and spread; chemotherapy can be used in conjunction with other cancer treatments
• Radiation therapy – this treatment uses a controlled dose of radiation, usually in the form of high energy X-rays, to help kill cancer cells or slow their growth and spread

All cancer treatments may have side effects. The type and severity of side effects will vary between individuals. You can ask your doctor for detailed information about the side effects that may be associated with any treatment recommended for you.¹

We understand that you may have more questions about vulvar cancer. You may find the following organisations helpful to contact: