There are two main types of cervical cancer:^2-4

• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): The most common type of cervical cancer. It usually begins in the thin, flat cells lining the outer surface of the cervix.
• Adenocarcinoma Develops from glandular cells on the inner surface of the cervix.^3,6 This type can be more difficult to detect, as it starts higher in the cervical canal and may not always be reached during routine cervical screening tests.^3,6

Cervical cancer may cause one or more of the following symptoms:^3,4

• Vaginal bleeding between periods, during or after sex, or after menopause
• Pain during sex
• Pelvic pain
• Heavier or longer-lasting periods
• Changes in vaginal discharge, such as unusual colour, smell, or volume

These are some of the more commonly reported symptoms of cervical cancer.^4,7 Symptoms can also be caused by other conditions. If you notice anything unusual or have concerns, it’s important to speak with your doctor.

There is a vaccine available to protect against the HPV types most commonly linked to cervical cancer.8 Your doctor can discuss how HPV is related to cervical cancer risk⁸ and advise on how to access the HPV vaccine through the National Immunisation Program.

Currently, the most effective way to identify changes that may lead to cervical cancer is through a cervical screening test (previously known as a Pap smear).^3,4 In Australia, screening is free and recommended every five years for people aged 25 to 74.²

If your screening test shows abnormal results, your GP may refer you to a specialist for further investigations, which may include:^3,4

• Colposcopy – a magnifying instrument called a colposcope is used to examine the cervix more closely
• Biopsy – during a colposcopy, a small tissue sample may be taken and sent for laboratory testing

If anything unusual is found, your doctor will explain what the results mean and discuss the next steps.

Chemotherapy is an approach to cancer therapy which involves the administration of medicine, usually orally or injection, which is intended to kill cancer cells or minimise their growth and spread. Chemotherapy can be used in conjunction with other cancer treatments.

Radiation therapy may be offered in the early stages of cancer treatment or after it has started to spread. There are different radiation therapy techniques that may be suitable for different cancer types at different stages.

Surgical intervention can be used in some cases to remove the cervix, uterus, and surrounding tissue. Your doctor will consider whether surgical intervention is appropriate for you.

Targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target and help kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.