There are two types of cervical cancer:1,2,4

• Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): usually starts in the outer surface of the cervix and is the more common form of cervical cancer
• Adenocarcinoma usually develops in inner surface of the cervix.^2,6 This type of cancer may be difficult to diagnose because it starts high in the cervix and isn't always reached during a cervical screening test^2,6

Typically, cervical cancer can present as one or more of the following symptoms:^2,4

• vaginal bleeding between periods, during or after sex, or after menopause
• pain during sex
• pelvic pain
• heavier or longer-lasting periods
• changes to vaginal discharge, such as unusual colour, smell, or volume

Please note, the above are the more commonly known symptoms of cervical cancer.^4,7 If you are experiencing anything unusual or have any concerns, always speak with your doctor.

There is a HPV vaccine and it has been designed to protect against the known strains of HPV that usually cause cervical cancer.⁸ Your doctor can also discuss more around how HPV is linked to the risk of cervical cancer.⁸ They can also advise how to get a HPV vaccine as part of the National Immunisation Program.

At present the most effective way to identify whether someone has cervical cancer is through a cervical screening test (formerly called a PAP smear).^2,4 Screening is free in Australia and is recommended every 5 years from the age of 25 to 74.²

If your screening test shows anything out of the ordinary, your GP may refer you to a specialist for more detailed tests, which may include:^2,4

• Colposcopy – your doctor may use a magnifying device called a colposcope to examine your cervix more carefully
• Biopsy – during a colposcopy, a doctor may take a tissue sample for laboratory analysis

If anything unusual is found from testing, your doctor will talk to you about what it means and the next steps.

Chemotherapy is an approach to cancer therapy which involves the administration of medicine, usually orally or injection, which is intended to kill cancer cells or minimise their growth and spread. Chemotherapy can be used in conjunction with other cancer treatments.

Radiation therapy may be offered in the early stages of cancer treatment or after it has started to spread. There are different radiation therapy techniques that may be suitable for different cancer types at different stages.

Surgical intervention can be used in some cases to remove the cervix, uterus, and surrounding tissue. Your doctor will consider whether surgical intervention is appropriate for you.

Targeted therapy uses medications that are designed to target and help kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.

Some of the emotions you may experience around a diagnosis and subsequent treatment can include disbelief, anxiety, sadness, anger, and loneliness.¹² 

It is recommended to speak to your doctor about the side effects you may experience during or after your treatment, and the strategies to manage them.

The following is a guide only, please speak with your doctor on what may be appropriate for you:^12,14

• Aim to maintain a healthy diet.¹² You can speak with your clinician regarding the design of a suitable eating plan during your treatment
• Reach out to support groups and others who  are going through treatment
• Ask your team about topical treatments for your skin if you have irritation or pain
• It may help to have a daily diary or journal to record things like side effects
• Speak to your doctor about ways you may be able to incorporate gentle exercise into your weekly routine
• Rest where needed - it is important to acknowledge when you are fatigued and have rest days when needed
• Ask for and accept help from family, friends and neighbours
• Be open with employers about your treatment and discuss flexible working options if you need them