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  • Pancreatic Cancer

Introduction

image

Pancreatic cancer

Learn more about pancreatic cancer, and treatment options offered to patients.

What is pancreatic cancer?

What is pancreatic cancer?

Pancreatic cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the pancreas grow in an uncontrolled way.1 Pancreatic cancer may occur in any part of the pancreas - however the majority of pancreatic tumours tend to occur within the head of the pancreas.1

There are two types of pancreatic cancers:

Exocrine pancreatic cancers

  • These typically develop in the exocrine cells and are regarded as being the more common type of pancreatic cancer.2 
  • Of these cases, the majority are a type of cancer called adenocarcinoma, and these usually start in the cells lining the pancreatic duct.5

Endocrine pancreatic cancers

  • Also known as pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (Pan-NETs) which are less common.2
  • These tumours develop in the endocrine cells, and there are typically two types of NETs; functioning tumours and non-functioning tumours.3
  • Learn more about NETs here.

Symptoms of exocrine pancreatic cancers may include:4

  • Loss of weight and loss of appetite
  • Fatigue or feeling tired
  • Jaundice, which may include yellowing of the eyes and skin, light coloured stools, sometimes dark urine, light-coloured stools and/or itchy skin
  • Uneven texture in the fatty tissue under the skin
  • Pain in the back or abdomen area
  • A sense of feeling full, heartburn or indigestion
  • Enlargement of the gallbladder or liver 
  • Pale and greasy stools and changes in bowel habits (including diarrhoea, constipation or the feeling of incomplete emptying) 
  • Changes in blood sugar levels, including rare cases of diabetes.
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Blood clot in a large vein often in the leg (deep vein thrombosis), and sometimes in the lung (pulmonary embolism) 

Endocrine pancreatic cancers can also produce a range of different symptoms.3 For instance, cancers that develop from functioning tumours  may result in the following:4

  • Reflux
  • More frequent need to urinate
  • Higher sugar levels in the blood (diabetes) or a drop in blood sugar
  • Change in bowel movement i.e. severe watery diarrhoea.
  • Vision issues such as blurriness
  • More thirsty

Comparatively, cancers that develop from non-functioning tumours may be characterised by the following:4

  • Symptoms may be similar to exocrine pancreatic cancer 
  • There might be reduced liver function, jaundice, pain and/or loss of appetite.

You should speak with your GP or specialist if you would like to discuss any questions that you may have with regards to pancreatic cancer.

There are some known risk factors which may increase the risk of developing pancreatic cancer, including: 1

  • Personal history of chronic pancreatitis
  • Increasing age – many cases occur in adults over 60
  • Having certain genetic factors
  • Being male – men are more likely than women to develop pancreatic cancer
  • Smoking
  • Being obese or overweight
  • A family history of pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer, or colon cancer 
  • Changes to blood sugar levels
  • Excessive alcohol consumption and liver issues
  • Stomach infections (i.e stomach ulcers)
  • Exposure to certain chemicals and heavy metals found in pesticides, dyes and chemicals

It is recommended to make an appointment with your GP or specialist to discuss any of the information about potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer.

Make an enquiry

Learn more about pancreatic cancer and the available treatment options.

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Diagnosis

Diagnosing pancreatic cancer

If you meet with your GP and they express concerns around your symptoms or risk factors, they may refer you to a specialist. There are usually a range of tests performed to help diagnose pancreatic cancer. These tests may include:5

  • Blood, urine, and stool tests: May be taken to check your general health, liver and kidney function, plus pancreatic hormones or tumour markers
  • Imaging tests: These may include computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, ultrasound tests such as an endoscopic ultrasound, cholangiopancreatography (which uses X-rays or MRI of the pancreatic ducts and bile ducts), somatostatin receptor scintigraphy (used for endocrine cancers), positron emission tomography (PET) scans, and angiography
  • Laparoscopy
  • Biopsy: With a sample of tissue removed to be assessed under a microscope.

If you are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, your doctor should give you all the necessary details for your particular case.

older woman with carer

Find a doctor

Search for pancreatic cancer specialists in your state.

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Treatments options

Treatment options for pancreatic cancer

Treatment options for pancreatic cancer usually depend on how advanced it is, and can include the following:1,5

Chemotherapy
Radiation Therapy
Patient with clinician

Cancer treatments can cause side effects.6,7 The type and severity of side effects will vary between individuals.6,7 You can ask your doctor for detailed information about the side effects which you may experience with any treatment recommended for you.

Whilst there are some things you can try which might help minimise/cope with any treatment side effects, you should also speak with your treatment team for further guidance:

  • Rest:8
    • Getting as much rest as possible
    • It is important to acknowledge when you are fatigued and rest when you need to
  • Diet & eating:9
    • Aim for a wholefood, varied diet, and we also encourage you to think about eating foods that interest you rather than what you think you should eat
    • Appetite changes are common, and you may experience taste changes or nausea. Help manage this by eating small, frequent snacks and avoiding smells that make you nauseous
    • Drink adequate water
  • Support:9
    • Ask for and accept help from family, friends and neighbours
    • Reach out to support groups and others who have had cancer treatment
    • Be open with employers about your treatment and discuss flexible working options if you need them
  • Journal: 
    • Record your side effects in a diary or journal
  • Exercise:10 
    • Speak to your doctor about incorporating some gentle exercise into your weekly routine

Find a centre

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Support services

Support services

Liver Foundation

Australia’s national peak body that works across all liver diseases.

Visit website

GI Cancer Institute

GI Cancer Institute is the community-facing brand of the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, raising awareness and providing patient resources.

Visit website

Pancare Foundation

The leading charity committed to inspiring hope, raising awareness, supporting families and funding research for upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers.

Visit website

Cancer Council Australia

Australia's leading cancer charity, Cancer Council aims to lead a cohesive approach to reduce the impact of cancer.

Visit website

Australian Cancer Research Foundation

ACRF funds cutting-edge cancer research by providing scientists with advanced technology and infrastructure.

Visit website

NeuroEndocrine Cancer Australia (previously the Unicorn Foundation)

Foundation for neuroendocrine cancer research and patient support, funding clinical trials, a specialist NET nurse helpline, patient support groups nationwide, and advocating for treatment access.

Visit website
  1. Puckett Y & Garfield K. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): Pancreatic Cancer. Page last updated Sept. 2022 (cited Oct. 2023). Access from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30085538/
  2. Rawla, P. et al World J Oncol. 2019; 10(1): 10–27.
  3. Bevere, M et al. Biomedicines. 2023;11(2):303.
  4. Cancer Council Australia [website]. What are the symptoms of pancreatic cancer? Updated Oct. 2023 [cited Dec. 2023]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
  5. Cancer Council Australia [website]. What is pancreatic cancer? Updated Sept. 2023 [cited Dec. 2023]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
  6. National Cancer Institute. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Side Effects of Cancer Treatment [webpage}. [Cited Oct. 2023]. Access from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/side-effects
  7. Australian Government. Cancer Australia. Treatment side effects [website]. Page last updated; 2023 [cited Oct. 2023]. Access from: https://www.canceraustralia.gov.au
  8. Cancer Council Australia [website]. Understanding fatigue and cancer. Updated 2023 [cited Dec. 2023]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
  9. Cancer Council Australia [website]. Nutrition for People Living with Cancer. Updated 2023 [cited Dec. 2023]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
  10. Cancer Council Australia [website]. Treatment side effects. Updated 2023 [cited Dec. 2023]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
  11. Cancer Council Australia [website]. Common reactions. Updated 2023 [cited Dec. 2023]. Access: https://www.cancer.org.au
  12. Van linde, ME. Et al. Psychooncology. 2020 Apr;29(4):775-80.

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Disclaimer:

This website is provided for information purposes only. Nothing on this website is intended to be used as medical advice, or to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. It should not be used as a substitute for your own health professional's advice. Any medical procedure or treatment carries risks. Before proceeding with treatment, you should discuss the risks and benefits of the treatment with an appropriately qualified health practitioner. Individual treatment outcomes and experiences will vary.

This website is provided for information purposes only. Nothing on this website is intended to be used as medical advice, or to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. It should not be used as a substitute for your own health professional's advice. Any medical procedure or treatment carries risks. Before proceeding with treatment, you should discuss the risks and benefits of the treatment with an appropriately qualified health practitioner. Individual treatment outcomes and experiences will vary.
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