The lymphatic system is part of the immune system and includes your lymph glands and organs such as the spleen. Its functions include:¹

• Maintaining fluid balance and removal of cellular waste
• Absorbing and transportation of nutrients
• Production of immune cells to help fight infections

The lymphatic system contains white blood cells called lymphocytes. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma starts in these lymphocytes and causes abnormal lymphocytes, which typically reside in the lymph glands.¹ 

The lymph nodes are the most common part of the body to be affected.¹ But non-Hodgkin lymphoma can also involve the spleen and other extra-nodal sites such as the central nervous system, bone, and stomach.¹ 

There are different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, depending on what type of lymphocyte is affected and how fast the tumour grows.¹ The three types of lymphocytes involved are:¹

• B-cells – these make antibodies that fight infection in the body
• T-cells – these help B-cells make antibodies and kill antigens that shouldn’t be in the body.
• Natural Killer (NK) cells – these specialise in killing cancer cells

The different types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are:

• B-cell lymphomas – these make up around 85% of all non-Hodgkin lymphomas.1 A few of the different types of B-cell lymphomas  include:¹
• Follicular lymphoma - the cancer cells usually grow slowly in lymph nodes in circular groups, at the microscopic level, and these are called follicles. 
• Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma - regarded as a fast-growing cancer and is quite a common subtype in adults
• Small lymphocytic lymphoma - this is a slow-growing cancer, and is often thought about being similar to chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
• Mantle cell lymphoma - it develops in the outer edge of affected lymph nodes, can look slow-growing but actually be fast-growing

Other types of B-cell lymphomas may include:¹

• Burkitt lymphoma
• Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma

• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma - these can occur as widespread enlarged, painless lymph nodes
• Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma - the cell usually affects the skin and can start as red, scaly patches or alternatively as raised bumps that may be itchy
• Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma - starts in the lymph nodes and can cause rashes on the skin and make the body produce abnormal proteins
• Anaplastic large cell lymphoma - this can occur anywhere throughout the body and is fast-growing

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can cause different symptoms depending on where in the body it occurs. Symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include:¹

• The most common symptom is usually a painless swelling of the lymph nodes, generally on the neck, groin, or in the armpit
• Fever
• Excessive night sweats
• Unexplained weight loss
• Itchy skin or skin rashes
• Swollen abdomen or back pain
• Headaches, double vision
• Coughing or difficulty swallowing or breathing

Some symptoms of non-Hodgkin lymphoma are referred to as ‘B symptoms’. These symptoms can help doctors predict the severity of the disease. They include:¹

• Frequent, unexplained fevers
• Regular night sweats that leave you drenched
• Losing large amounts of weight very quickly

There are a range of conditions that may cause the above symptoms.¹If you are concerned or have further questions, please make an appointment with your GP or specialist.

There are a number of potential factors that may increase the risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma including:¹

• An immediate relative who has had non-Hodgkin lymphoma slightly increases the risk of developing the disease
• A weakened immune system, maybe as a result of an autoimmune disease (such as rheumatoid arthritis or coeliac disease), some medicines (such as those that suppress the immune system after an organ transplant)
• Some viruses or bacteria such as hepatitis C, Epstein–Barr virus, human T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus (HTLV-1), human herpesvirus 9 (HHV-8), and Helicobacter pylori
• Breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma (BIA-ALCL), although rare, this type of lymphoma has been linked to certain types of breast implants

Your GP will refer you to a specialist if they are concerned about your symptoms and risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. 

Your doctors will perform:

• A physical exam - complete physical examination 

A range of tests may be performed to help them make a diagnosis.¹ These tests may include a lymph node biopsy. There are two different types of lymph node biopsy:¹

• Excision biopsy –this is when the lymph node, or part of it, is removed with surgery
• Core biopsy –a needle is inserted into a lymph node to remove cells and tissue. This approach is used when it would be difficult to remove the entire lymph node in surgery

If a biopsy confirms non-Hodgkin lymphoma, you may need further tests, including¹:

• Blood tests – you will likely have a blood count, which assesses the number of red cells, white cells and platelets in the blood; they may also help determine if your kidneys and liver are working well
• Imaging tests – these might include an ultrasound to help guide the needle during a core biopsy, a chest X-ray to see if the lymphoma has spread to lymph nodes in your chest or lungs, and a PET-CT scan of your chest, abdomen and pelvis to work out how far the lymphoma has spread - this helps create a detailed picture of your body
• Bone marrow biopsy– a sample of bone marrow is taken from the pelvic bone and examined under a microscope

If you are found to have lymphoma, your doctor will explain which of the four stages you have and how far your cancer has progressed. Stage 1 is the least advanced stage, while Stage 4 is the most advanced stage.¹

Doctors also give non-Hodgkin lymphoma a letter A or B:¹

• A means you have none of the ‘B-symptoms’ of lymphoma, which are frequent unexplained fevers, regular night sweats and losing weight very quickly
• B means you are experiencing some or all of the above symptoms

Depending on your age and personal wishes, referral to a fertility specialist to arrange urgent semen cryopreservation (sperm freezing), oocyte cryopreservation (egg freezing) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) to facilitate embryo collection and storage may be warranted, as many types of chemotherapy for lymphoma can cause temporary (or permanent) infertility.^1,2

If you are diagnosed with a low-grade lymphoma, your treating doctor may recommend monitoring the cancer with regular check-ups rather than commencing treatment.¹

Chemotherapy is an approach to cancer therapy that involves the administration of medicine, usually orally or by injection, which is intended to kill cancer cells or minimise their growth and spread. Chemotherapy can be used in conjunction with other cancer treatments.³

Immunotherapy is a type of treatment that is intended to help your own immune system fight cancer. There are different types of immunotherapy for cancer that work in different ways.⁴

Radiation therapy may be offered in the early stages of cancer treatment, or after it has started to spread. There are different radiation therapy techniques which may be suitable for different cancer types at different stages.⁵

Surgery may be used to help treat lymphomas that have started in organs such as the spleen, thyroid or stomach, and that have not spread from these organs. It can sometimes also be used to treat certain types of skin lymphomas.⁶

This type of treatment is designed and aims to attack specific cancer cells. Targeted therapy medicines mimic antibodies that our bodies naturally produce that target and attach to proteins on cancer cells, making it easier for our immune system to find and destroy the cancer.¹

Steroids are chemicals naturally made in the body that can also be produced in a lab and then used as a medicine. Steroids may be used to increase the effect of chemotherapy, to seek to destroy lymphoma, and to help treat certain potential side effects.¹

A stem cell transplant may be recommended if your Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma comes back or doesn’t respond to other treatments.¹ For stem cell transplant your bone marrow has to be destroyed with a high dose chemotherapy treatment. This gets rid of the damaged or destroyed blood stem cells in the bone marrow, which are then replaced with healthy stem cells that can turn into bone marrow. These can be your own blood stem cells or from a donor.¹

All cancer treatments may have side effects. The type and severity of side effects will vary between individuals.⁷ You can ask your doctor for detailed information about the side effects that you may experience with any treatment recommended for you.