Oesophageal cancer

Oesophageal cancer is cancer that can begin in any part of the oesophagus (lower, middle or upper).

There are two main types:

• Oesophageal adenocarcinoma – tarts in the mucus glands of the oesophagus. It usually develops in the lower part of the oesophagus at the junction with the stomach
• Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma – starts in the inner lining of the oesophagus. It often develops in the upper and middle part of the oesophagus

Causes of oesophageal cancer

It isn’t clear what causes oesophageal cancer. But some things can increase your risk. These include:

• A high-fat diet low in fruit and vegetables

• Being exposed to certain chemicals over a long period

• Being overweight or obese

• Having another oesophagus condition such as Barrett’s oesophagus

• Heavy drinking

• Smoking

It can be difficult to spot the first signs of oesophageal cancer. They may include:

• Feeling tired, or shortness of breath

• Indigestion or heart burn that doesn’t go away

• Nausea and vomiting related to eating

• Pain or difficulty swallowing

• Unexplained weight loss and losing your appetite

Having these symptoms doesn’t mean you have oesophageal cancer, but it’s best to get them checked by a doctor. The sooner your cancer is detected, the better the chances of treating it successfully.

After discussing your symptoms, your doctor will usually examine your abdomen. They may look for small swellings or signs of oesophageal cancer. You may be referred to a specialist for some of the following tests:

• Endoscopy – a small tissue sample may be taken for tests

• Further physical examination

• Laparoscopy

• Scans including CT, MRI or PET-CT

• Blood tests, including nutritional elements (vitamins and minerals)